http://www.openstarts.units.it:80/dspace/handle/10077/6100 2013-06-19T17:12:58Z http://www.openstarts.units.it:80/dspace/handle/10077/6312 Title: European Transport / Trasporti Europei Type: Fascicolo rivista 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.openstarts.units.it:80/dspace/handle/10077/6181 Title: The introduction of penalties for ship-source pollution in community law: recent developments Authors: Pellegrino, Francesca Abstract: This article focuses on relevant European Directives and decisions affecting ship-source pollution, such as (1) Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on shipsource pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements: and (2) Council Framework Decision 2005/667/JHA of 12 July 2005 to strengthen the criminal-law framework for the enforcement of the law against ship-source pollution. The vacuum created by the two judgments of the European Court of Justice in Cases C-176/03 and C-440/05 (both) Commission v. Council, annulling Council Framework Decision 2005/667/JHA, was filled in by Directive 2009/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 amending Directive 2005/35/EC on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements. The penalties introduced by the Directive cover offences committed by natural and legal persons. The purpose of this Directive is to incorporate international standards for ship-source pollution into European law and to ensure that persons responsible for discharges of polluting substances are subject to adequate penalties, including criminal penalties, in order to improve maritime safety and to enhance protection of the marine environment from pollution by ships. Type: Articolo 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.openstarts.units.it:80/dspace/handle/10077/6180 Title: Bus lane violations: an exploration of causes Authors: Kepaptsoglou, Konstantinos; Pyrialakou, Dimitra; Milioti, Christina; Karlafatis, Matthew G.; Tsamboulas, Dimitrios Abstract: Bus lanes have been widely implemented internationally for improving the performance and quality-ofservice of surface transit systems. Despite their importance to a city’s transit system, bus lanes are frequently violated by road users resulting in subpar service standards. Using extensive field data measurements from Athens, Greece, we analyze violation rates and study their effects on bus lane operational characteristics. Results indicate that: i. reduced perceived enforcement increases violation rates; ii. congestion in adjacent lanes significantly affects bus lane violation characteristics; and, iii. bus speeds are significantly reduced with increased violations. Type: Articolo 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.openstarts.units.it:80/dspace/handle/10077/6179 Title: Microsimulation study of vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic flow on intercity roads Authors: Arasan, V. Thamizh; Arkatkar, Shriniwas S. Abstract: Study of the basic traffic flow characteristics and comprehensive understanding of vehicular interaction are the pre-requisites for highway capacity and level of service analyses and formulation of effective traffic regulation and control measures. This is better done by modeling the system, which will enable the study of the influencing factors over a wide range. Computer simulation has emerged as an effective technique for modeling traffic flow due to its capability to account for the randomness related to traffic. This paper is concerned with application of a simulation model of heterogeneous traffic flow, named HETEROSIM, to study the relationships between traffic flow variables such as traffic volume and speed. Further, the model is also applied to quantify the vehicular interaction in terms of Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) or Passenger Car Unit (PCU), taking a stretch of an intercity road in India as the case for the study. The results of the study, provides an insight into the complexity of the vehicular interaction in heterogeneous traffic. Type: Articolo 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z