09 APhEx num 9, anno 2014
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SOMMARIO
TEMI
Ledda Antonio
De Florio Ciro
Buccella Alessandra
Graziani Ernesto
Gallina Francesco
L’imperscrutabilità del riferimento
Plebani Matteo
Nominalismo in filosofia della matematica
Aldini Alessandro
Teoria degli automi per i linguaggi formali
Paolini Paoletti Michele
Fassio Davide
LETTURE CRITICHE
Giananti Andrea
Giombini Lisa
Tagliabue Jacopo
Morganti Matteo
Vincenzo Fano, I Paradossi di Zenone, Roma”, Carocci Editore, 2012 , pp. 142
Adornetti Ines
Tripodi Vera
Cepollaro Bianca
Matteo Morganti, Che cos'è un oggetto, Roma, Carocci, 2010, pp.125
PROFILI
Pianigiani Duccio; Bagnoli Carla
Tranchini Luca
Napoleoni Giulio
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Browsing 09 APhEx num 9, anno 2014 by Title
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- PublicationConseguenza logica(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)De Florio, CiroThe concept of logical consequence is crucial for logic and for its philosophical construal. The aim of this work is to provide a technically accessible introduction to this concept showing the grounding intuitions and two most important formal characterizations: the tarskian approach and the approach based on the concept of proof. Then, I’ll take into account some problems connected with the logical pluralism and its possible philosophical justification.
60 3479 - PublicationDag Prawitz(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Tranchini, LucaStarting from formal considerations about natural deduction, Dag Prawtiz contributed in crucial ways to clarify the primarily epistemological character of proof theory. On these bases he developed an elaborated philosophical conception of deductive inference, truth and meaning.
95 394 - PublicationDiego Zucca, Esperienza e contenuto. Studi di filosofia della percezione, Mimesis, Milano 2012, pp. 564.(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Giananti, AndreaDiego Zucca’s book offers a systematic treatise of metaphysical, semantical and phenomenological aspects of perceptual experience, oriented toward the constitution of a unitary view on the subject: the outcome is a specific variety of intentionalism – a variety according to which perceptual experience is fundamentally representational and relational.In the first section of my critical notice I describe the content of the five parts of the book and I place it in the context of the contemporary philosophy of perception. In the second section I make two critical remarks: first, I argue that Zucca’s brand of relationalism is essentially informed by the role that he attributes to distal causes in the individuation of perceptual experiences, and that this does not put him in a position to address the challenges presented by disjunctivism (2.1, 2.2). Second, I argue that the responses offered by Zucca to Travis’s argument against perceptual content are not entirely satisfactory (2.3)
135 107 - PublicationElizabeth Brake, Minimizing Marriage. Marriage, Morality, and the Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, pp. 240(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Tripodi, VeraElizabeth Brake’s book, Minimizing Marriage. Marriage, Morality, and the Law” (2012), aims at examining the following questions: why is marriage so socially important? why do we attribute a special value to it? what exactly does imply the moral value we socially recognize to it? From a moral point of view, what does imply the legal dyadic intimate relationship among two people of different sex and what kind of obligations imposes? Are the current marital laws discriminatory? The critical reading offered here explains why, according to Brake, marriage should be de-moralized and explores her proposal of a new and innovative form of marriage, that she labels “minimal marriage”.
182 115 - PublicationErica Cosentino, La mente narrativa. I fondamenti simulativi della comprensione e produzione del discorso, Roma-Messina, Corisco 2012, pp. 132(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Adornetti, InesIn this paper we discuss Erica Cosentino’s book “The narrative mind. The simulative foundations of discourse production and comprehension”. The main aim of Cosentino’s book is to propose a model of discourse processing opposed to the classical computational tradition and in line with an embodied model of mind. In this regard, Cosentino maintains that human beings process discourses and stories through simulations of reality. These simulations are embodied representations, that is to say representations grounded in our sensory motor experiences.
108 227 - PublicationIl fine della credenza(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Fassio, DavideMany philosophers have argued that belief has an aim. This aim has been traditionally identified with truth. With such a claim these philosophers designate a specific property constitutive of belief characterizing the peculiar relation between this mental state and truth. This property would be able to distinguish beliefs from other types of mental states and to explain a series of other characteristics of beliefs such as, for example, the impossibility to believe at will and the absurdity of asserting so called Moorean sentences (such as “I believe it’s raining but it’s not raining”). In the present contribution I provide an introduction and a discussion of the thesis according to which belief has an aim. I first consider the claim that belief aims at truth. I introduce the main features ascribed to this property, I present several aspects of belief that the aim is supposed to explain and I consider the differences between this and other properties of belief concerning the relation between this mental state and truth. Then I introduce some interpretations of the thesis that belief aims at truth. Finally I outline the main lines of the debate between those who argue that the aim of belief is truth and those who argue that this aim is knowledge.
66 120 - PublicationGeorg Henrik von Wright(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Napoleoni, GiulioVon Wright (1916-2003) is a unique many-sided figure in the twentieth-century philosophical landscape, with potential development for the future thought, still largely unexplored. He has made important contributions in many sectors (Philosophical Logic, Epistemology, Ethics, Theory of Action, Philosophy of Mind, History of Philosophy) dealing with the crucial problems (induction, probability, causality, free will, mind-body, methodology of the Social Sciences, human nature) and bringing in each of these fields the penetrating, but at the same time balanced, light of an flexible analytical style, open to other traditions (especially Hermeneutics). In this outline it was decided not to propose an exhaustive summary of all his production (the most significant deficiencies are noted in the text): this undertaking would require more space; so it was decided to rebuild the basic line of the development of his more mature thought: the philosophy of action, based on the analysis of the concepts of cause, action and freedom.
84 134 - PublicationLogiche sottostrutturali(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Ledda, AntonioThis paper is a gentle introduction to substructural logics, a family of logics generalizing classical logic. First of all, we present Gentzen formulation of classical logic, and then we discuss in some detail the motivations behind its substructural generalizations.
95 142 - PublicationL’imperscrutabilità del riferimento(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Gallina, FrancescoPre-analytical insights at the guide of our linguistic practices, along with some semantic theories, suggest that the referential particles of a given language bear fully defined relations with the objects of the world. In particular, any term, be it a name or a predicate, refers only to its denotation or to the elements of its extension. Nevertheless, some philosophers argued that reference is indeterminate. According to them, denotations of names and extensions of predicates cannot be determined by any fact of the matter. In this work, two arguments supporting the inscrutability of reference and related criticisms are described. Furthermore, the main ontological, metaphysical and epistemological implications of the inscrutability of reference are addressed.
94 149 - PublicationMaria Grazia Turri, Gli oggetti che popolano il mondo. Ontologia delle relazioni, Roma, Carocci, 2012, pp. 239(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Giombini, LisaThe text offers a Critical Review of "Gli oggetti che popolano il mondo. Ontologia delle relazioni" by Maria Grazia Turri. The author critically reflects on the book by considering its methodologies, its arguments, and its relation with other books of the same type and on the same subject.
109 187 - PublicationMatteo Morganti, Che cos'è un oggetto, Roma, Carocci, 2010, pp.125(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Cepollaro, BiancaThis review discusses Matteo Morganti’s Che cos’è un oggetto (What is an object?, 2010). Morganti’s book – which appeared in Carocci’s series ‘Bussole’ – is a compact guide to the problem of what an object from the metaphysical perspective. In the light of the relationship between metaphysics, ontology and science, the volume discusses the theory of substrates, the theory of substances, universal bundle theory, nominalist theories and finally a rich and diversified collection of problems raised by allegedly innocuous question: What is an object? Morganti’s books distinguishes itself for its clarity and its compactness and provides the reader who is not entirely new to metaphysics the basic tools to address the debate around what an object is.
115 110 - PublicationNominalismo in filosofia della matematica(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Plebani, MatteoNominalism is the doctrine that there are no abstract objects. Numbers, sets and other mathematical objects are usually regarded as paradigmatic cases of abstract objects. Nominalists, then, should provide an account of the value of mathematics which is compatible with their rejection of the objects mathematics seems to be about.
107 156 - PublicationOntologia temporale(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Graziani, ErnestoTemporal ontology is the reflection on the ontological status of merely past and future entities. In this paper, I aim to explain the meaning of this issue, present the main theoretical options about it, and focusing on the two main contending theories – B-eternalism and presentism – illustrate the most relevant arguments that have been formulated in favour of the one and the other theory.
69 149 - PublicationIl paradosso della finzione(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Paolini Paoletti, MicheleThe paradox of fiction is a a paradox that has been widely discussed in aesthetics and in ontology of fiction (though to a lesser extent). It manifests a contradiction in our emotional reactions to fictional works. This contradiction is both epistemic and metaphysical. In this paper, I shall give three different formulations of the paradox: two epistemic formulations and a metaphysical one. Secondly, I shall critically examine some solutions. The major solutions are connected with the “pretense-theory”, the “quasi-emotions”, the “suspension” and the “disbelief theory”, the “thought theory”. It will result that the major difficulties for each solution lie on the metaphysical side, namely the one that has been investigated to a lesser extent in order to deal with the paradox of fiction.
324 185 - PublicationRuth Barcan Marcus(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Pianigiani, Duccio; Bagnoli, CarlaRuth Barcan Marcus was a logician and important philosopher whose pioneering contributions in the forties gave rise to the quantified modal logic. The so-called "Barcan formula" is a very controversial axiom of quantified modal logic. In this survey we retrace the important contributions of Barcan Marcus in debates in the philosophy of logic as to the essentialist implications of the use of quantifiers in modal logic, in philosophy of language (especially with his contributions on the reference and on proper names), and meta -Ethics (especially with respect to the arguments on the possibility of moral dilemma based sull'assiomatizzazione deontica and implications for the debate about the moral realism and the so-called "practical necessity").
132 254 - PublicationScott Aaronson, Quantum Computing since Democritus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013, pp. 370.(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Tagliabue, JacopoThe article is a review of "Quantum Computing Since Democritus", Scott Aaronson's introductory book on complexity theory. The volume is a first walkthrough in the land of "complexity theory", the branch of computer science tasked with formally characterizing how hard is to solve certain algorithmic problems; particular attention is given to "quantum computation" - Aaronson's main area of expertise - to introduce the reader to the possibilities offered by quantum mechanics. The review leverages the conceptual tools introduced in the book to survey the main open research themes in the field and discuss some of the philosophical arguments put forward by the author.
100 97 - PublicationSuoni(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Buccella, AlessandraSounds are very tricky objects. We think that we know many things about them. We think, for example, that we perceive them, that they're are the only and immediate objects of auditory perception, but we also think that they are the means through which we perceive their sources. We seem to intuitively believe that material objects “have” sounds, and, at the same time, we tend to resist the idea that sounds are actually “just” properties of something else. We seem to agree with the claim that a deaf person cannot experience sounds (they're not part of this person's “perceivable world”), but we nonetheless believe that Beethoven could compose music because he had found an alternative way to perceive sounds. Finally, at school we've been taught that sounds are identical with elastic waves propagating in a medium, that they're, in this sense, physical events, but nevertheless we seem to think that the real essence of sounds must be something more than their “physical substrate”. This contribute has two goals. On the one hand, to introduce the most influential contemporary theories regarding what sounds properly are. On the other hand, to explain the strengths and weaknesses of each one of these theories, so as to highlight the main problems they face.
100 123 - PublicationTeoria degli automi per i linguaggi formali(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Aldini, AlessandroThe study of the mechanisms of the human brain that are dedicated to the comprehension of the natural language, as well as the human genome sequence analysis, as well as the computer capability of interpreting a set of commands, represent all apparently different situations. Actually, they share the same underlying problem, that is the need for describing properties of sequences of symbols, which can represent terms, molecules, instructions of a programming language and so on. In this setting, in the 20th century several orthogonal studies created the base behind the foundations of formal languages, as in the case of Chomsky's grammars, and of automata theory, as in the case of the abstract machines by Kleene and Turing. The objective of this paper is to propose an historical, critical, and scientific survey about the constituting elements of automata theory applied to formal languages.
160 252 - PublicationVincenzo Fano, I Paradossi di Zenone, Roma”, Carocci Editore, 2012 , pp. 142(EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2014)Morganti, MatteoSince their definition by the Eleatic philosopher, Zeno's paradoxes have posed several challenges to human thought, turning out to have enormous philosophical significance and import. In this book, Vincenzo Fano reconstructs the history of the paradoxes, and points to both the key difficulties they give rise to, and the innovative ideas that have been put forward and employed with a view to solving them.
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