Dimensioni linguistiche e distanze culturali nell'interazione sociale e politica

There is a general agreement among scholars who study human behaviour in believing the primary function of language to be that of vocally carrying out the "social tendency to see reality in a symbolic way" (Sapir, 1935). Experiments on the acquisition of concepts and categorization have proved that language knowledge is more intuitive than other types of knowledge such as, for example, knowledge of inter-personal transcriptions. Indeed natural languages are not only system of signification in human societies, but they exist together with other non-verbal sign systems. The importance of verbal language and its central position within the communication system make it a capital tool for the co-ordination of subjective 'vital space', with a more and less direct reference to the objective social field.

It is a wide-spread notion and well-known fact that today Japan is to be counted among the countries which are industrially most advanced. In the light of our history, we have in front of us the image of Japan which is at the same time traditional and "westernized", ambivalent and ambiguous in its Western type façade and its content that is closely tied up with its history. The lack of an adequate answer on the part of Western world to the many questions about the "Japanese phenomenon" has caused, and still causes, huge, and at time irretrievable, errors of appraisal. Such errors may be a threat to the relations of the Western world with the nation with which we are dealing.

Addentrarsi nel campo linguistico indiano significa affrontare ad ogni pié sospinto problemi di ogni genere: filosofici, semantici, storici ecc., alcuni determinati da circostanze contingenti e perciò ormai risolti, altri ancora oggetto di discussione ed indagini per altro forse destinate a rimanere senza valida conclusione. Già parlare di Hindi vuol dire passare in rassegna la lunga serie di questioni critiche. Dalle indagini effettuate risulta chiaro che le motivazioni della polemica Hindi-Urdu non vanno ricercate in campo linguistico, quanto piuttosto in quello politico, che infatti esse movimenteranno in un crescendo sempre più febbrile e violento lungo tutto l'arco della dominazione coloniale britannica, fino a sfociare nei disordini sanguinosi e fratricidi culminati nel 1947 con la divisione tra India e Pakistan.

The intention of this paper has been an analysis and explanation of some of his aspects which may lead to varying degrees of incomprehension. For the interpreter, political language may often give rise to comprehension difficulties which may render his job more nerve-rancking or frustrating than it normally is. For the translator, his task is little easier since his job is considerably more brain-rancking, for it involves hours and hours of working and re-working the italian original at the interpretation stage of the political message translation process.

L'essentiel de la francophonie se trouvant aujourd'hui en Afrique, cela paraît évident? Dans l'Emire français, la langue français, diffusée par l'école publique et, à sa suite, par l'enseignement privé, a bien été un outil de la colonisation même si, paradoxalment, il faudra attendre les indépendance pur voir sa généralisation. Même si la francophonie, après 50 ans de décolonisation, reste limitée, les élites sont francisées et les sont elles qui feront la décolonisation. Il est normal donc que le français soit leur instrument d'autant que lui seul leur permet de communiquer entre elles. Sans doute, même chose pour l'anglais pour les pays anglophones, mais cela va beaucoup plus loin en Afrique francophone: les premisses de la décolonisation sont culturelles, avec le mouvement de la négritude, prise de conscience par les intellectuels noirs de leur spécificité.