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Occupazione, innovazione e cambiamento tecnologico
Chies, Laura
2024
Abstract
The European and Italian labour market still appears to be affected by the problems generated by gender differentials and above all by segregation in skills and economic sectors, even more if they are characterized by high-tech and high knowledge (European Commission, 2023). The gender gaps arise during not only the study and training paths that are unbalanced towards sociohumanistic subjects for women and technical-scientific subjects for men, as emerges from the analyses of education paths over time in this contribution. It also emerges where training is similar, it is the job market that preferably selects the male gender. One solution could be represented by technological innovation with greater digital content, capable of speeding up the trajectories of gender equality in the Italian and European labour market. However, the empirical analysis in the literature highlights a positive correlation between the propensity for innovation and employment, but only for males. This aspect could be linked to the types of employment contracts, which are much more discontinuous and characterized by high proportions of part-time work, the unbalanced care work and the type of human capital accumulated by women (Fortin, 2005). This contribution focuses on the last aspect, investigating the link between women’s study, training and work paths and the structure of the STI (Science, Technology and Innovation) model, which explains the development and growth of innovative sectors, often not inclusive towards women (Frey and Osborne, 2017). The adoption of a different analysis model (Alsos et al. 2013), which takes into account dimensions and areas of innovation that are not purely technological is recommended. Cognitive tools more suited to women’s ability to innovate, together with institutions that are more open to financing and the regulation of innovations in broader fields, including the healthcare, public administration or biotechnology sectors, could be coherent solutions for gender rebalancing in the labour market. This contribution concludes with an analysis of female routinized tasks, easily displaceable in the current phase of the technological revolution qualified by artificial intelligence, which require even more training re-orientations and appropriate gender policies.
Il mercato del lavoro europeo ed italiano appare ancora affetto dai problemi generati dai differenziali di genere e soprattutto da segregazione nelle professioni e nei settori economici, tanto più se caratterizzati da elevate innovazioni tecnologiche e della conoscenza (European Commission, 2023). I differenziali si originano non solo a causa di percorsi di studio e formazione sbilanciati verso le materie socioumanistiche per le donne e tecnico-scientifiche per gli uomini, come emerge dalle analisi sui percorsi d’istruzione nel tempo in questo contributo, ma anche ove la formazione sia simile, è il mercato del lavoro a selezionare preferibilmente il genere maschile. Una soluzione potrebbe essere rappresentata dall’innovazione tecnologica a maggiore contenuto digitale, in grado di velocizzare le traiettorie della parità di genere nel mercato del lavoro italiano ed europeo. L’analisi empirica presente in letteratura evidenzia, tuttavia, una correlazione positiva tra propensione all’innovazione e occupazione solo per i maschi. Questo aspetto potrebbe essere legato ai tipi di contratto di lavoro, molto più discontinui e caratterizzati da elevate quote di part-time, dal peso del lavoro di cura e dal tipo di capitale umano accumulato dalle donne (Fortin, 2005). Questo contributo si concentra sull’ultimo aspetto, indagando il legame tra percorso di studio, formazione e lavoro delle donne e struttura del modello STI (Scienza, Tecnologia e Innovazione), che spiega lo sviluppo e la crescita dei settori innovativi, spesso non inclusivi nei confronti delle donne (Frey and Osborne, 2017). L’adozione di un modello di analisi diverso (Alsos et al. 2013), che tenga conto di dimensioni e ambiti di innovazione non prettamente tecnologici, così come strumenti cognitivi più adatti alle capacità di innovare delle donne, insieme a istituzioni più aperte al finanziamento e alla regolazione di innovazioni in ambiti più ampi, che comprendano i settori sanitari, della pubblica amministrazione o delle biotecnologie, potrebbero essere soluzioni coerenti per il riequilibrio di genere nel mercato del lavoro. Il contributo si chiude con un’analisi delle mansioni femminili ad elevato contenuto di routine, facilmente sostituibili nell’attuale fase della rivoluzione tecnologica qualificata dall’intelligenza artificiale, che necessitano ancora di più di ri-orientamenti formativi e di opportune politiche di genere.
The European and Italian labour market still appears to be affected by the problems generated by gender differentials and above all by segregation in skills and economic sectors, even more if they are characterized by high-tech and high knowledge (European Commission, 2023). The gender gaps arise during not only the study and training paths that are unbalanced towards sociohumanistic subjects for women and technical-scientific subjects for men, as emerges from the analyses of education paths over time in this contribution. It also emerges where training is similar, it is the job market that preferably selects the male gender. One solution could be represented by technological innovation with greater digital content, capable of speeding up the trajectories of gender equality in the Italian and European labour market. However, the empirical analysis in the literature highlights a positive correlation between the propensity for innovation and employment, but only for males. This aspect could be linked to the types of employment contracts, which are much more discontinuous and characterized by high proportions of part-time work, the unbalanced care work and the type of human capital accumulated by women (Fortin, 2005). This contribution focuses on the last aspect, investigating the link between women’s study, training and work paths and the structure of the STI (Science, Technology and Innovation) model, which explains the development and growth of innovative sectors, often not inclusive towards women (Frey and Osborne, 2017). The adoption of a different analysis model (Alsos et al. 2013), which takes into account dimensions and areas of innovation that are not purely technological is recommended. Cognitive tools more suited to women’s ability to innovate, together with institutions that are more open to financing and the regulation of innovations in broader fields, including the healthcare, public administration or biotechnology sectors, could be coherent solutions for gender rebalancing in the labour market. This contribution concludes with an analysis of female routinized tasks, easily displaceable in the current phase of the technological revolution qualified by artificial intelligence, which require even more training re-orientations and appropriate gender policies.
Source
Laura Chies, "Occupazione, innovazione e cambiamento tecnologico", in: Saveria Capellari (a cura di ), "Parità: a che punto siamo? Contributi per un dialogo interdisciplinare", Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2024, pp. 99-122
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it
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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
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